Nutrition was a popular theme at the time of Rudolf Steiner, due to the Reform Movement. In spite of this, the theme of nutrition was only really taken up later by representatives of the Biological-Dynamic agricultural movement and the movement for anthroposophical Medicine. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer dedicated himself to improving the quality of foodstuffs and nutrition. The Chemist, Rudolf Hauschka, conducted experiments in the field of nutrition, which he described in his book “Ernährungslehre” (study of nutrition).

Gerhard Schmidt led the Agricultural/Nutritional Section at the Goetheanum from 1963 – 1970 and, amongst other things, conducted experiments with Barley in nutrition, together with Udo Renzenbrink, in an attempt to restore the place of the lesser-known grains in the daily diet. Gerhardt Schmidt made his knowledge generally available in his book “Dynamische Ernährungslehre” (Dynamic Approach to Nutrition). Udo Renzenbrink in 1970 founded the research circle on nutritional science in Bad Liebenzell, Germany (today based in Bad Vilbel in Germany. His work led to a growing awareness in anthroposophical institutions for Nutrition and increasingly, for the introduction of grains into the general diet.

In order to include all 7 grains in one’s diet, he developed a program in which, on each day of the week a particular grain, according to its ruling planet, is served (for example, Sunday = the sun and wheat). This allocation, while fairly controversial, has enjoyed wide acceptance and determines the menu of many institutions and families. It has its advantages in a rhythmic nutrition which is particularly healthy for children. 



Nutrition in Practice

There are no blueprints for the exact programming of one's daily food intake. This rests within the freedom of the individual. What can be said, however, is that such an individualised approach presupposes that one occupies oneself to some extent with questions relating to nutrition, that one has a basis of knowledge and has made some experiences. Dietary recommendations are not prescriptions, but a help in choosing. They usually describe the effects of specific foods and provide a basis for making a decision. 

Rudolf Steiner spoke of this in a lecture:

 “You see, people tend to ask: is it better to drink alcohol or not to drink alcohol! Is it better to be a vegetarian or to eat meat! I don’t ever tell anyone that he should enjoy alcohol or refrain from drinking it, or whether he should eat plants or meat. Instead, I tell them: alcohol works in such and such a way. I simply relate to him the effect that it has, and he can then decide if he wants to drink it or not. And I do the same in the case of eating vegetarian food or meat. I say: meat has such and such an effect and plants have this effect. And the result is that the person can then decide for himself. It is this that science must aim for above all else, namely respect for human freedom.”

(R. Steiner: Nutrition and Consciousness.) (Ernährung und Bewußtsein. Themen aus dem Gesamtwerk Stuttgart 1994. S. 142f.) 

As we can see, the main thing is to build up criteria for judgement that will help us find an appropriate diet. Certainly it is less comfortable than fixed rules, but is essential for our time. 

Based on our judgement of individual foodstuffs, we can make specific recommendations. On the basis of these, whole-foods nutrition has been developed that uses grains as staple diet. The descriptions of Rudolf Steiner and the experiences of many different people have also led to the practice of eating fewer meat and fish products and favouring an ova-lacto vegetarian diet (with milk and eggs). This however, depends entirely on the choice of the individual and his or her needs. 

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What is Biodynamics?

What is Biodynamic agriculture? In seeking an answer, let us pose the further question: Can the Earth heal itself, or has the waning of the Earth's vitality gone too far for this? No matter where our land is located, if we are observant we will see sure signs of illness in trees, in our cultivated plants, in the water, even in the weather. Organic agriculture rightly wants to halt the devastation caused by humans; however, organic agriculture has no cure for the ailing Earth. From this the following question arises: What was the original source of vitality, and is it available now?

Biodynamics is a science of life-forces, a recognition of the basic principles at work in nature, and an approach to agriculture which takes these principles into account to bring about balance and healing. In a very real way, then, Biodynamics is an ongoing path of knowledge rather than an assemblage of methods and techniques.

Biodynamics is part of the work of Rudolf Steiner, known as anthroposophy - a new approach to science which integrates precise observation of natural phenomena, clear thinking, and knowledge of the spirit. It offers an account of the spiritual history of the Earth as a living being, and describes the evolution of the constitution of humanity and the kingdoms of nature. Some of the basic principles of Biodynamics are:

Broaden Our Perspective

Just as we need to look at the magnetic field of the whole earth to comprehend the compass, to understand plant life we must expand our view to include all that affects plant growth. No narrow microscopic view will suffice. Plants are utterly open to and formed by influences from the depths of the earth to the heights of the heavens. Therefore our considerations in agriculture must range more broadly than is generally assumed to be relevant.

Reading the Book of Nature

Everything in nature reveals something of its essential character in its form and gesture. Careful observations of nature - in shade and full sun, in wet and dry areas, on different soils, will yield a more fluid grasp of the elements. So eventually one learns to read the language of nature. And then one can be creative, bringing new emphasis and balance through specific actions.

Practitioners and experimenters over the last seventy years have added tremendously to the body of knowledge known as Biodynamics.

Cosmic Rhythms

The light of the sun, moon, planets and stars reaches the plants in regular rhythms. Each contributes to the life, growth and form of the plant. By understanding the gesture and effect of each rhythm, we can time our ground preparation, sowing, cultivating and harvesting to the advantage of the crops we are raising. The Stella Natura calendar offers an introduction to this new study.

Plant Life Is Intimately Bound Up with the Life of the Soil

Biodynamics recognizes that soil itself can be alive, and this vitality supports and affects the quality and health of the plants that grow in it. Therefore, one of Biodynamics fundamental efforts is to build up stable humus in our soil through composting.

A New View of Nutrition

We gain our physical strength from the process of breaking down the food we eat. The more vital our food, the more it stimulates our own activity. Thus, Biodynamic farmers and gardeners aim for quality, and not only quantity.

Chemical agriculture has developed short-cuts to quantity by adding soluble minerals to the soil. The plants take these up via water, thus by-passing their natural ability to seek from the soil what is needed for health, vitality and growth. The result is a deadened soil and artificially stimulated growth.

Biodynamics grows food with a strong connection to a healthy, living soil.

Medicine for the Earth: Biodynamic Preparations

Rudolf Steiner pointed out that a new science of cosmic influences would have to replace old, instinctive wisdom and superstition. Out of his own insight, he introduced what are known as biodynamic preparations.

Naturally occurring plant and animal materials are combined in specific recipes in certain seasons of the year and then placed in compost piles. These preparations bear concentrated forces within them and are used to organise the chaotic elements within the compost piles. When the process is complete, the resulting preparations are medicines for the Earth which draw new life forces from the cosmos.

Two of the preparations are used directly in the field, one on the earth before planting, to stimulate soil life, and one on the leaves of growing plants to enhance their capacity to receive the light. Effects of the preparations have been verified scientifically.

The Farm as the Basic Unit of Agriculture

In his Agriculture course, Rudolf Steiner posed the ideal of the self-contained farm - that there should be just the right number of animals to provide manure for fertility, and these animals should, in turn, be fed from the farm.

We can seek the essential gesture of such a farm also under other circumstances. It has to do with the preservation and recycling of the life-forces with which we are working. Vegetable waste, manure, leaves, food scraps, all contain precious vitality which can be held and put to use for building up the soil if they are handled wisely. Thus, composting is a key activity in Biodynamic work.

The farm is also a teacher, and provides the educational opportunity to imitate nature's wise self-sufficiency within a limited area. Some have also successfully created farms through the association of several parcels of non-contiguous land.

Economics Based on Knowledge of the Job

Steiner emphasized the absurdity of agricultural economics determined by people who have never actually raised crops or managed a farm.

A new approach to this situation has been developed which brings about the association of producers and consumers for their mutual benefit. The Community Supported Agriculture movement was born in the Biodynamic movement and is spreading rapidly. Gardens or farms gather around them a circle of supporters who agree in advance to meet the financial needs of the enterprise and its workers, and these supporters each receive a share of the produce as the season progresses. Thus consumers become connected with the real needs of the Earth, the farm and the Community; they rejoice in rich harvests, and remain faithful under adverse circumstances.

Sherry Wildfeuer - (Based on "An Introduction To Biodynamic Agriculture", originally published in Stella Natura 1995)

The Building depicted in our header

The Goetheanum serves as the centre of the worldwide Anthroposophical Society and the seat of the School of Spiritual Science. 

The first Goetheanum, a monumental double-domed wooden structure, richly carved and painted within, was begun in 1913. It opened in 1920 and was destroyed by fire on New Year's Eve 1922/23. In 1924 Rudolf Steiner presented his model for a second Goetheanum – the present one – made of reinforced concrete. Constructed between 1925 and 1928, it was the first large-scale building to employ this material for sculptural forms. Both buildings are based on an architectural concept in which each element, form and colour bears an inner relation to the whole and the whole flows organically into its single elements in a process of metamorphosis. The second Goetheanum and its neighbouring buildings were designed to harmonize with the local topography – the movement of the terrain and the rocky spurs of the Jura mountains visible from the Birs river valley, ten kilometres southeast of Basel.